Evaluation of standardized ZAP-70 expression detection in CLL--review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease with variable clinical course. ZAP-70 expression shows a high concordance with IgVH gene mutational status and the method of detection for ZAP-70 expression is relatively simple, thus the ZAP-70 is used as a surrogate marker for IgVH gene mutational status. In recent years, ZAP-70 expression evaluation of different methods have shown difference that restrict the clinical application of ZAP-70. Therefore, the standardization of ZAP-70 expression detection has become a focus. The current review summarizes bio-characteristics, clinical application and detection method of ZAP-70. The detection methods of ZAP-70 are divided into analytical methods and experiment techniques. The analytical methods include percentage method, fluorescent quantitation and ratio method, in which the most important procedure is setting control. The experiment techniques include sample storage, time from blood draw to detection, fixation method, the antibody and the selection of fluorescence. Plenty of literatures have compared the variables, but the standardization of ZAP-70 expression detection method has not yet been decided.

Dynamic Analysis for Level of Plasma TXB2,6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α of Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction and Its Clinic Significance / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To assess the level of plasma thromboxane B2(TXB2),6-keto-prostaglandin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α) of patients with acute cerebral infarction,so as to know the changes of platelet function on acute cerebral vascular diseases.MethodsThe level of plasma TXB2,6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α(T/6-K) of 205 patients with acute cerebral infarction were measured within 24 hours and on the 7th day and 14th day,and were compared with the normal controls(n=40).ResultsThe levels of plasma TXB2,6-keto-PGF1α of patients within 24 hours,on the 7th day and 14th day were significantly higher than those in the normal controls(P<0.01).The level of plasma TXB2 was the highest on the 7th day and decreased on 14th day.The level of plasma 6-keto-PGF1α was the highest on the 14th day.T/6-K was higher than those in the normal controls within 24 hours and on the 7th day;it was highest on the 7th day and decreased on 14th day to level of the normal controls(P>0.05).ConclusionThe determine on levels of plasma TXB2,6-keto-PGF1α has important significance for knowing the changes of platelet function on acute cerebral infarction.The balance between TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α is important in keeping the blood smoothly.

Reaction Time in Patients with Depression / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate whether subjects with major depression display attention deficits.Methods35 antidepressant-free,non-elderly patients with unipolar depression diagnosis according to ICD-10 and CCMD-Ⅲ as well as 35 health control subjects matched for education,age and sex were administered three tests for attention(sustained attention,Selective attention and Attention Blink).ResultsOn the Continuous Performance Test(CPT),depressed participants needed more reaction time and made more mistake than nondepressed participants.There were no differences between two block in reaction time in the CPT of patients and control subjects.The performance on the Stroop Color-Word Test was impaired in depression.Compared with normal subjects,depressed participants presented increased choice reaction times(CRT).Stroop interference was higher in depressed patients than in controls.On Attention Blink(AB) paradigm,both groups performed equally well at reporting the first target appearing in a rapidly presented stream of stimuli.All groups showed an AB,and AB for depressive participants were larger and longer.Correlations were observed between the HAMD score and the reaction time in CPT.ConclusionThe depressive participants showed a decrement tendency in vigilance,a higher Stroop interference and a larger and longer AB.

Characteristics of Attentional Blink in Patients with Depression / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of attentional blink (AB) in the patients with depression.MethodsThirty-five antidepressant-free, non-elderly patients with depression diagnosed according to CCMD-Ⅲ as well as thirty-five health control subjects matched for education, age and sex were tested with the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm.ResultsAll cases of two groups showed an AB, and AB for depressive participants was larger and longer.ConclusionThe patients with depression have attentional impairments.

Mismatch Positivity: Mismatch Component in Visual Modality / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate if there were potential components similar to auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in the visual modality.MethodsEvent-related potentials (ERP) of 15 healthy adults were tested. Subjects were demanded to complete shape-matching task and double-matching task under 4 kinds visual stimuli including no-difference (Nd), contour-difference (Cd), shape-difference (Sd) and double-difference (Dd).ResultsWithin P1-N1 latent period (100～140 ms), three kinds of deviant stimuli (Cd, Sd, Dd) elicited a positivity, mismatch positivity (MMP). MMP amplitude elicited by Dd was a sum elicited by Cd and Sd (single-difference).ConclusionIn the visual modality, MMP elicited by warp stimulus may be an element similar to auditory MMN and reflect auto-processing of brain to visual stimulus.

Visual Completion Negativity to Human Face Perception / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo explore the neural basis of visual completion for the occluded faces.Methods2 types of visual stimuli were presented randomly: pictures of complete faces,pictures of incomplete faces(the occluded part was the left-top quadrant).Subjects were instructed to perform a gender discrimination task while event-related potentials(ERPs) were recorded.ResultsCompared with complete faces,incomplete faces enhanced the amplitude of N1 on the occipito-temporal scalp bilaterally,with the right hemisphere advantage.The peak latency of N2 elicited by incomplete faces was delayed compared with that of complete faces.ConclusionThe enhancement of N1 is related to visual completion processing that requires additional time.

Visual Completion Negativity to Human Face Perception / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo explore the neural basis of visual completion for the occluded faces.Methods2 types of visual stimuli were presented randomly: pictures of complete faces,pictures of incomplete faces(the occluded part was the left-top quadrant).Subjects were instructed to perform a gender discrimination task while event-related potentials(ERPs) were recorded.ResultsCompared with complete faces,incomplete faces enhanced the amplitude of N1 on the occipito-temporal scalp bilaterally,with the right hemisphere advantage.The peak latency of N2 elicited by incomplete faces was delayed compared with that of complete faces.ConclusionThe enhancement of N1 is related to visual completion processing that requires additional time.

Expression of caspase-3 in the rat brain following pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of caspase-3 in the brain of acutely pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-kindled rats.MethodsThe caspase-3 positive cells were revealed using immunohistochemical SP method. CMIAS image analysis system was used to analyse the expression of caspase-3 hemi-quantitatively. ResultsFollowing PTZ induced epilepsy, the expression of caspase-3 increased both in the hippocampus and in the cortex, and that was more remarkable in the hippocampus than in the cortex.ConclusionCaspase-3 may be activated during neuronal apoptosis after epilepsy. Hippocampus is more sensitive to the neuronal damage due to epilepsy than the cortex is.

Rat cerebral ischemia infarct model made by thread blocked directly in blood vessel / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo standardize the process in making the model of acute regional cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats, and to economize time and material.MethodsRegional cerebral ischemia rat's models were induced and modified according to Koizumi's method.ResultsThe time duration was controllable and the volume of cerebral infarct was determined by adverting the approaches such as the preparation of suture, anaesthesia of the animal, and the details of surgical operation.ConclusionThe acute regional cerebral ischemic model in rats made by Koizumi's method is stable and reliable, and is easy for the beginner to carry out under limited conditions.

Accuracy of the vascular ultrasound testing on detecting the arterial lesions in neck / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of the vascular ultrasound testing technique on detecting large arterial lesions in neck. MethodsVascular ultrasound testing and digital substraction angiography(DSA) were performed on 75 arteries in 53 consecutive patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, transient ischemic attack(TIA) or cerebral infarction.The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of vascular ultrasound testing on moderate stenosis(50%—69%), severe stenosis(70%—99%),or occlusion of arterial lesions in neck were analysed by means of cross tabulation, using DSA as the standard of reference. ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of vascular ultrasound testing on arterial lesions of moderate stenosis, severe stenosis and occlusion were 85.7%,78.9%,84.0%;90.2%,88.2%,89.3%;93.3%,95.0%,94.6%,respectively.The complete corresponding rate between the two type of tests was 73.3%. ConclusionThe vascular ultrasound testing technique shows high accuracy on detecting large arterial lesions, especially on severe stenosis or occlusion in neck. It can be applied extensively in prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.

Association between angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and cerebral infarction / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo explore the association between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion(I/D) polymorphism and cerebral infarction among Chinese people. MethodsThe ACE gene polymorphism was determined by PCR-RFLP in 242 patients with cerebral infarction and 283 controls. Multiple logistic regression was performed to explore the risk factors for cerebral infarction. ResultsAfter adjusting age, gender, alcohol drinking, smoking, education,history of diabetes mellitus and the primary hypertension, there was no significant association between ACE I/D polymorphism and cerebral infarction, either was hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The primary hypertension significanlly increased risk of cerebral infarction (OR=7.28,P =0.000). Both ACE ID/DD genotype and the primary hypertension showed a significant gene-environment interaction(r=1.62,OR=7.29), something as super multiplicative type 2 interaction. ConclusionAlthough ACE gene polymorphism is not risk factors of cerebral infarction, but ID/DD genotype had shown significant gene-environment interaction with primary hypertension in occurrence of cerebral infarcion.

Screening of SNPs in the coding region of PRKCG via DHPLC and study of their association with Parkinson's disease / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo screen the variations of the human protein kinase Cγ gene (PRKCG) and study their association with Parkinson's disease(PD).MethodsDNA was extracted from blood of patients with PD and matched normal controls. All 18 exons including the exon-intron junctions were amplified in 17 different PCR fragments, which were analyzed for the presence of variations by DHPLC. The PCR products with a heteroduplex peak were sequenced. Significance was evaluated from 2×2 contingency tables byX2 test on the basis of the total number of alleles at each locus. Case-control association analysis was performed between candidate polymorphisms and PD. ResultsIn the 50 early-onset PD(EOPD) patients and 50 controls, there was no missense mutation, insertions or deletions in coding regions of the PRKCG. But 2 different single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs) in exons, 5 different SNPs and 1 tetranucleotide repeat in introns were identified. Five of them [IVS3+96G>T, IVS11+26T>G, IVS15-41T>C, IVS16-59G>A, IVS16-42(TCTG)1-2] were described here for the first time. Three of them (IVS11+26T>G, IVS13+76T>C,1497T>C),in complete linkage,constituted a haplotype block. In the preliminary association analysis, the frequency of IVS13+76C, IVS11+26G and 1497C allele on this haplotype block was significantly higher in EOPD patients than the controls (24% vs 9%)(X2=8.165,P=0.004,OR=3.193, 95%CI:1.400-7.282). But in a larger sample of 156 EOPD patients, 153 late-onset PD(LOPD) patients and 195 normal controls, there was no significant difference between the three groups (12.8%,13.7% ,14.6%)(X2=0.471,P=0.790). ConclusionThe PRKCG gene might not be a risk factor for sporadic PD.

Study of phonological encoding of Chinese disyllabic compound words in patients with mild cognitive impairment / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of phonological encoding of Chinese disyllabic compound words in patients with mild cognition impairment(MCI). Methods10 patients with MCI and 10 normal controls who matched with the age, gender, level of education and handedness performed homophone judgment task. In this task, a picture with a disyllabic compound name was presented, after 100 ms of the presentation there would be a Chinese character below the picture. Subjects were asked to judge whether one of the morpheme in the picture name was homophonic to the character. The reaction time and error ratio were analyzed statistically. ResultsIn the normal controls, the reaction time for the second constituents was shorter than that for the first constituents, while there were no difference between the first and second constituents reaction time in MCI patients. The error ratio of the first and second constituents showed no difference in normal controls, but MCI patients made more error rate for the first constituents. ConclusionAs the heathy elderly,the MCI patients have same pattern in phonological coding of Chinese disyllabic compound words, but much slower in activation speed, indicating the impairment of semantic memory and phonological activation in patients with MCI.

Clinical significance of clock-drawing test and MMSE in Alzheimer's disease / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the clinical sense of clock-drawing test(CDT) and Mini Mental Status Examination(MMSE) in Alzheimer's disease(AD). MethodsMMSE and CDT were used to assess the intellectual ability in AD group and control group. ResultsThe orientation force, immediate memory, ability of calculation, short-term memory and speech ability in AD group were significantly decreased than that of the control group(P<0.05). The score of CDT in AD group was markedly suppression than that of control group(P<0.01). ConclusionThe CDT and MMSE are the ideal cognitive screening test to determine the degree in Alzheimer's disease.

Sustained attention for the patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo deter mine the sustained attention function of the patients with mild Alzheimer's disease(AD) and mild cognitive impairment(MCI).Methods10 patients with MCI, 10 with mild AD and other 10 healthy elderly controls were tested with Continuous Performance Task(CPT) aimed to assess sustained attention. ResultsCompared with the normal controls, the mild AD patients reacted very more slowly(P<0.001), missed more targets(P<0.05), while that the MCI patients did was as well as the control group. ConclusionThe mild AD patients shows impairment in sustained attention function, but the MCI patients shows a preserved ability of sustained attention function.

Memory deficit for the patients with mild cognitive impairment:A functional magnetic resonance imaging study / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo provide the early diagnosis of Alzheimer\'s disease(AD), the memory in the patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI) was detected under the functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI), combined with the behavioral experiment.Methods9 patients with MCI and 9 controls matched for the age, gender, level of education and handedness performed encoding and retrieval of nonsense line drawings, presented visually while the MR machine was scanning. ResultsCompared with the controls, the patients manifested longer reaction time and lower correct ratio. The patients\' brain activation showed: the first episode of encoding of nonsense line drawings elicited distributed activation in bilateral dorsal lateral frontal lobes, left parahippocampus, bilateral temporal-occipital conjunction, parietal lobes and visual cortex in the control subjects. While these activations decreased in the second episode of encoding of the same stimuli, much stronger activation was found in most same areas during the retrieval phase except for the right parietal lobe, in which the patients showed stronger activation. Moreover, activation in the anterior cingulate cortex was observed only in the retrieval phase. The patients showed weaker and smaller activation in almost all activation areas during all tasks in the normal subjects. ConclusionThe patients with MCI have the deficit in memory. The examination of encoding and retrieval of nonsense line drawings by means of the behavioral experiment and fMRI test can offer a powerful reference for the early diagnosis of AD.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and elderly people in the community: results from the Beijing Dementia Cooperative Study / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and normal elderly people living in the Chinese community of Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional study derived from the Beijing Dementia Cooperative Study was carried out a population survey was carried out on a total of 1540 participants aged 65 years and older living in Beijing city and rural areas. All the individuals and 373 demented elderly people completed a series of neuropsychological examination and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the dementia participants, 49.33% had exhibited neuropsychiatric symptoms (35.66% rated as clinically significant), in which 80.4% reported 2 or more disturbances, with depression (23.86%), apathy (21.72%) and anxiety (20.38%) being most common. Of the 1540 normal individuals, 18.25% of them exhibited neuropsychiatric symptoms (6.49% rated as clinically significant), in which 53% reported 2 or more disturbances, with sleepless (10%), depression (8.9%) and anxiety (6.97%) being the most common.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>To our knowledge, this was the first multi-center study on neuropsychiatric disturbances in dementia and cognitive normal elderly people. Neuropsychiatric symptoms occurred mainly in persons with dementia and of clinical severity. Though the neuropsychiatric disturbances reported in cognitive normal individuals were lower and less serious compared to dementia, they should not be neglected. These finding suggested that a screening programme focusing on identifying these symptoms should be included in the physician's diagnostic tools for dementia.</p>

Relationship between Token Test and higher neuropsychological function disorder due to left and right hemispheric damages / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo evaluate the value of Token Test in testing Chinese aphasia and study the mechanism of bilateral hemispheric asymmetry.Methods33 patients with left hemispheric cerebral vascular diseases and 30 patients with right hemispheric cerebral vascular diseases were studied by Token Test and Aphasia Battery of Chinese(ABC). ResultsThe statistical analysis shows that the score of Token Test was significantly correlated with all tests of ABC in both left and right hemispheric damages groups(P<0.01), and that the score of Token Test was significantly negative correlated with infarction areas in left hemispheric damages groups (P<0.01),but incorrelated with infarction areas in right hemispheric damages groups(P>0.05). There is a significant correlation between the score of Token Test and the severity of the aphasia(P<0.01). Conclusions Token Test was closely related with ABC. It can be effective to detect some higher neuropsychological function disorder.

Neuropsychological performances of vascular dementia / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo detect the neuropsychological performances of vascular dementia(VD) and the varied patterns when the severity of VD progressed. Methods39 patients who fulfilled with National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/the Alzheimer's Diseases and Related Disorders Association(NINDS AIREN) criteria for "probable vascular dementia"were assessed with the neuropsychological scales, including Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Blessed Dementia Scale (BDS), Clinical Memory Scale, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised China (WAIS-RC) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), to measure the change of orientation to time and place, memory, language, visuospatial skills, cognitive function, personality characteristics, the activities of social and daily living and self maintenance. Patients were divided into mild, moderate and severe categories according CDR scores.ResultsAmong mild, moderate and severe categories, significant differences (P<0.05) were detected in the following subtests: orientation to time of MMSE, digit span, block design, object assembly, arithmetic of WAIS-RC, memory quotient, the activities of social and daily living and self maintenance of BDS. In moderate/severe and mild/severe categories, significant differences (P<0.05) were detected in the MMSE language subtest, WAIS-RC comprehension subtest and verbal intelligence quotient. Significant differences were detected in MMSE orientation to time subtest and WAIS RC similarities subtest only between mild/severe categories (P<0.05). In the MMSE immediate or delayed recall, drawing, simple calculation subtests, and BDS personality subtest, no significant differences were detected among mild, moderate and severe categories (P>0.05). Conclusions Patients with mild VD showed general deterioration of orientation, memory, language, visuospatial skills, cognitive function, personality characteristics, the activities of social and daily living and self maintenance. However, the speed of deterioration of each item was different when the severity of VD progressed. No close correlation was observed between personality characteristics alteration and the severity of VD. From mild to moderate and moderate to severe VD, the speed of deterioration of part of the cognitive function, especially the knowledge ever acquired, was slow relatively. The other aspects continued deteriorating in all stages of VD.